HD 


UC-NRLF 


INVESTIGATIONS  OF   INDUSTRIES 
IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

1905-1915 


A    LIST 

OF 

PUBLISHED    REPORTS 


COMPILED    BY 

HENRIETTE   R.  WALTER 

RUSSELL  SAGE  FOUNDATION 


PUBLISHED  JOINTLY  BY 

COMMITTEE  FOR  VOCATIONAL  SCHOLARSHIPS 

HENRY  STREET  SETTLEMENT 

265  HENRY  STREET 


COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  WORK 

RUSSELL  SAGE  FOUNDATION 

130  EAST  22o  STREET 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


May,  1916 


Price  10   Cents 


INVESTIGATIONS  OF   INDUSTRIES 
IN   NEW  YORK   CITY 

1905-1915 


A    LIST 

OF 

PUBLISHED    REPORTS 

COMPILED    BY 

HENRIETTE   R.  WALTER 

i 

RUSSELL  SAGE  FOUNDATION 


PUBLISHED    JOINTLY    BY 

COMMITTEE  FOR  VOCATIONAL  SCHOLARSHIPS 

HENRY  STREET  SETTLEMENT 

265  HENRY  STREET 

AND 

COMMITTEE  ON  WOMEN'S  WORK 

RUSSELL  SAGE  FOUNDATION 

130  EAST  22o  STREET 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


May,  1916 


Price  10  Cents 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Air  Brush  Work 4 

Artificial  Flower  mid  Feather  Industry 4 

Bakeries 5 

Bookbinding 5 

Building  Trades G 

Button  Industry ^ 

Case  Making Q 

Clothing  Trades,  Men's 7 

Clothing  Trades,  Women's 8 

Confectionery  Industry 11 

Costume  Illustration 12 

Fur  Industry 12 

Gas  and  Electric  Companies 12 

Laundries 13 

Longshore  Work 14 

Mercantile  Establishments 14 

Millinery  Trade 15 

Novelty  Painting 16 

Paper  Box  Industry 16 

Peddling 17 

Perfumery  Trade 17 

Printing  Industry 17 

Restaurant  and  Hotel  Work 18 

Sample  Mounting  and  Case  Making 18 

Straw  Sewing 18 

Telegraph  Operating 19 

Telephone  Operating 19 

Tobacco  Industry 19 

Transportation •,. 20 

NOTE. — Addresse.v  of  pubiishe/s-a7^?  oihers  from  whom  reports  mentioned 
in  this  pamphlet  can  be1  obtained  wHl  be  found  on  page  21. 


INVESTIGATIONS  OF  INDUSTRIES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 
1905—1915 


With  the  interest  manifest  today  in  the  fundamental  problems 
of  industry  and  the  awakening  feeling  of  responsibility  for  their 
solution  comes  the  necessity  of  taking  inventory  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  conditions  underlying  these  problems.  This  list  of  reports 
on  trade  investigations  aims  to  indicate  for  those  who  feel 
this  interest  and  this  responsibility  the  information  available 
from  first-hand  inquiry  regarding  the  occupations  in  which  men 
and  women  are  engaged  in  New  York.  An  effort  has  been  made 
to  include  all  the  most  important  investigations  dealing  with 
single  industries  which  have  been  made  from  1905  to  1915, 
inclusive.  A  number  of  lesser  importance  have  also  been  listed. 
No  attempt  at  discrimination  as  to  the  value  of  the  investigation 
has  been  made  in  the  selection  of  the  reports.  Any  findings 
regarding  a  particular  industry  whether  they  be  presented  in  a 
two  or  three  page  statement  or  a  comprehensive  report  of  several 
hundred  pages  were  held  to  fall  within  the  scope  of  this  list  so 
long  as  the  basis  of  the  findings  was  found  in  first-hand  experience 
with  shops  or  workers  in  the  trade.  The  list  does  not  claim  to  be 
exhaustive,  but  its  sixty-four  entries  probably  come  near  approxi- 
mating the  total  number  of  published  reports  of  investigations 
of  particular  industries  in  Greater  New  York  during  the  period 
selected. 

Othsr  reports  were  found  which  deal  with  industrial  con- 
ditions in  this  city,  but  they  show  a  cross-section  of  many  industries 
in  relation  to  one  problem  rather  than  a  cross-section  of  one  indus- 
try in  relation  to  many  problems.  These  did  not  fall  within  the 
scope  of  this  bibliography.  Reports,  however,  which  do  not 
give  a  fully  rounded  picture  of  an  industry  but  which  present 
certain  of  its  significant  phases  have  been  included.  A  number 
of  reports  which  cover  New  York  City  or  State  with  other  com- 
munities in  the  field  investigated,  but  which  do  not  present  the 
data  for  New  York-  City  separately,  have  not  been  listed.  On 
the  other  hand,  investigations  have  been  considered  to  belong  in 
this  list  which  cover  a  number  of  communities,  including  New  York 
City,  but  which  present  the  data  in  such  a  way  that  facts  regard- 

3 

359954 


ing  conditions  in  that  city  can  be  separated  from  those  elsewhere. 
No  investigation  has  been  included  in  which  the  field  work  was 
carried  on-  previous  to  1905  even  though  the  report  was  published 
in  that  year.  Two  reports  published  in  the  opening  months  of 
1916  have  been  included.  Two  entries  and  several  of  the  foot- 
notes refer  to  data  published  annually  or  at  regular  intervals 
regarding  certain  industries. 

The  text  accompanying  the  entries  makes  no  attempt  at 
critical  consideration.  Its  purpose  is  to  explain  the  scope  and 
method  of  the  investigation  and  the  subjects  on  which  data  are 
presented.  It  is  hoped  that  these  notes  may  prove  useful  in 
guiding  those  who  find  occasion  to  use  this  list  in  the  search  for 
material  bearing  on  their  particular  interests. 

It  is  our  intention  to  revise  this  list  from  time  to  time  in 
order  to  bring  it  up  to  date.  Hence  any  suggestions  as  to  omissions 
in  the  present  listing  or  publications  in  the  future  will  be  welcomed. 

AIR  BRUSH  WORK 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.     Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Industrial  Art 
Workers.     Air  Brush  Work.     p.  3-6.     New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  air  brush  work,  based  on  information  secured  through 
visits  to  21  firms  and  interviews  with  18  girls.  It  covers  general  conditions 
in  this  branch  of  industrial  art  work,  especially  as  to  wages,  hours  and  over- 
time, seasons,  processes  of  work,  workroom  conditions,  opportunities,  and 
available  means  for  trade  training.  This  study  and  the  others  in  the  series 
were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  branches  of  industrial  art  work  in 
which  it  was  desirable  to  place  women  workers,  and  it  is  from  this  point  of 
view  that  the  material  is  treated. 


ARTIFICIAL  FLOWER  AND  FEATHER  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  I.  Notes  on  Some  Trades  in  which  Women  are 
Employed.  1.  Artificial  Flowers  and  Feathers,  by  Violet  Pike, 
p.  274-277.  Albany,  1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  inspection  of  94  artificial  flower  and  feather 
factories,  of  the  importance  of  the  trade,  the  branches  of  the  trade,  the  pro- 
cesses of  work,  industrial  hazards,  the  condition  of  work  places,  and  the  extent 
of  home  work. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Wages  of  Artificial  Flower 
Makers.  Bulletin  No.  33,  June,  1907.  p.  149-151. 

A  statement  regarding  wages  paid  in  the  artificial  flower  industry  in 
New  York  City,  based  on  examination  of  payrolls  in  16  establishments  em- 
ploying a  total  of  1,015  workers.  Wrages  for  men  and  women  are  compared, 
and  there  is  also  some  information  regarding  home  work  and  irregularity  of 
employment. 


Van  Kleeck,  Mary.     Artificial  Flower  Makers.     Survey  Associates.     New 
York,  1913.  .  261  p.     Russell  Sage  Foundation  Publication. 

An  intensive  study  of  the  artificial  flower  trade  in  New  York  City,  made 
by  the  Committee  on  Women's  Work  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation  and 
based  on  data  secured  through  interviews  with  174  shop  workers  in  their 
homes,  and  with  110  families  of  home  workers,  as  well  as  visits  to  114  factories. 
It  includes  descriptions  of  general  conditions  in  the  trade,  its  processes  of 
work,  its  problems, — especially  seasonal  employment  and  home  work — wages 
paid  in  the  trade,  the  type  of  workers  employed,  with  facts  about  their  personal 
and  industrial  histories  and  living  conditions,  and  opportunities  for  trade 
training.  One  chapter  is  devoted  to  a  comparative  study  of  the  trade  in 
Paris. 


BAKERIES 

New  York  City  Commissioner  of  Accounts.  A  Report  on  the  Sanitary 
Condition  of  Bakeries  in  New  York.  April  18,  1911.  16  p. 

A  brief  report  on  an  investigation  made  by  the  office  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Accounts,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Consumers'  League,  into  sanitary 
conditions  in  145  factory  and  cellar  bakeries  in  New  York  City.  In  addition 
to  a  description  of  bad  sanitary  conditions  found,  the  questions  of  supervision 
and  jurisdiction  under  the  law  are  discussed,  and  recommendations  are  given 
for  a  new  sanitary  code  relating  to  bakeries. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  I.  Report  on  Bakeries  and  Bakers  in  New  York 
City,  by  Dr.  George  M.  Price,  p.  203-268.  Albany,  1912. 

A  full  report  on  an  investigation  of  New  York  bakeries  with  the  chief 
emphasis  on  sanitation  and  the  physical  condition  of  the  workers.  It  is 
based  on  visits  to  497  bake  shops  and  medical  examination  of  800  men  em- 
ployed in  bakeries.  In  addition  to  a  biief  statement  regarding  the  extent 
and  importance  of  the  industry  in  New  York  and  comparisons  with  foreign 
countries,  such  subjects  are  treated  as  fire  hazards,  defective  lighting,  ventila- 
tion and  other  sanitary  evils  resulting  from  the  location  of  the  majority  of 
the  shops  in  basements,  sex  and  age  of  workers,  hours  of  work,  night  work, 
diseases  found  among  bakers,  and  morbidity  and  mortality  rates.  A  final 
section  deals  with  suggested  remedies  for  bad  sanitary  conditions  and  proposes 
minimum  standards. 


BOOKBINDING 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.     Women  in  the  Bookbinding  Trade.     Survey  Associates. 
New  York,  1913.     270  p.     Russell  Sage  Foundation  Publication. 

An  intensive  study  of  women's  work  in  the  bookbinding  trade,  made 
by  the  Committee  on  Women's  Work  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation  and 
based  on  data  concerning  210  of  the  247  binderies  in  Manhattan,  secured 
through  visits  to  the  establishments  and  interviews  with  employers,  and  on 
the  industrial  histories  of  201  women  bookbinders  employed  in  these  binderies 
who  were  interviewed  in  their  homes.  It  includes  descriptions  of  general 
trade  conditions  and  of  processes  of  work,  more  particularly  those  in  which 


women  are  employed,  and  data  and  discussion  on  wages,  irregularity  of 
employment,  hours  of  work  and  overtime,  the  status  of  trade  unionism,  and 
opportunities  for  learning  the  trade. 


BUILDING  TRADES 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Conciliation  and  Arbitration 
in  the  Building  Trades  of  Greater  New  York,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow. 
Washington,  1913.  95  p.  (Bulletin  No.  124) 

An  account  of  the  history  of  trade  agreements  in  the  building  trades  of 
New  York  City,  and  a  description  of  the  plan  of  arbitration  in  use  at  .present 
in  trade  disputes  between  employers  and  the  unions  in  the  building  trades, 
with  details  of  the  machinery  of  the  arbitration  board,  its  work,  the  grievances 
submitted,  their  disposal,  the  financing  of  the  plan,  the  wage  rates  paid  in  the 
different  occupations,  and  the  number  of  workers. 


BUTTON  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  The  Button  Industry,  by  Roswell  Skeel,  Jr.  p.  339- 
359.  Albany,  1915. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  conditions  in  covered  and  celluloid  button 
manufacture  in  New  York  City,  based  on  schedules  from  19  celluloid  and 
40  covered  button  factories  and  on  returns  from  916  workers.  Descriptions 
of  processes  of  work  in  each  of  the  branches  studied,  and  of  the  development 
of  the  industry,  together  with  statistics  and  discussion  of  the  sex,  age,  nativity, 
and  occupations  of  the  workers  and  of  wage  rates  and  earnings  in  correlation 
with  age,  occupation,  and  years  of  experience,  form  the  main  substance  of 
the  report. 


CASE  MAKING 

See  also  under  Paper  Box  Industry 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory  Workers. 
Case  Making  for  Jewelry  and  Silverware,  p.  23-29.  New  York, 
1913. 

A  brief  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  from  45  firms,  of  which 
number  30  were  visited.  It  covers  general  conditions  in  the  trade  as  to 
wages,  hours,  seasons,  home  work,  apprenticeship,  nationality  of  workers, 
workroom  conditions,  and  processes  of  work.  This  study  and  the  others 
in  the  series  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in 
which  to  place  women  workers  and  are  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 


CIGAR  AND  CIGARETTE  MANUFACTURE 

See  Tobacco  Industry 

CLOAK,  SUIT  AND  SKIRT  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 


6 


CLOTHING  TRADES,    MEN'S 

Best,  Harry.     The  Men's  Garment  Industry  of  New  York  and  the  Strike 
of  1913.     University  Settlement  Studies.     New  York,  u.  d.     25    p. 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  history  and  present  trade  conditions  in  the  men's 
garment  industry  in  New  York  City,  with  a  full  story  of  the  1913  strike, 
its  causes  and  outcome.  The  study  is  based  on  trade  and  trade  union  journals, 
daily  newspapers,  the  observations  of  the  writer,  and  several  reports  on 
investigations  of  the  men's  clothing  trade. 


National  Civic  Federation.  Fine  Welfare  Work  and  Some  Deplorable 
Conditions  in  Garment  Trades.  New  York,  1909.  31  p.  (Report 
of  Industrial  Employes'  Welfare  Committee  of  Woman's  Department) 

An  investigation  of  conditions  in  the  garment  trades  in  New  York  City, 
covering  three  factories  manufacturing  men's  clothing,  four  manufacturing 
women's  clothing,  one  neckwear  factory,  three  tenant  factories,  and  a  number 
of  licensed  tenement  houses.  The  report  gives  in  descriptive  form  for  each 
factory  visited  information  regarding  sanitary  conditions  and  welfare  work, 
and  also  some  data  on  hours  and  wages. 


New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.     Fourth  Report, 
1915.     Vol.  II.     The  Shirt  Industry,     p.  175-230.     Albany,  1915. 

An  extensive  and  thorough  study  of  the  shirt  industry  in  New  York  State, 
covering  New  York  City,  Troy,  and  Albany.  One  hundred  and  twelve 
factories  were  investigated,  76  of  these,  employing  6,600  workers,  being 
located  in  New  York  City.  In  much  of  the  statistical  matter  the  data  for 
New  York  City  are  combined  with  those  for  the  other  places  investigated, 
but  the  descriptive  matter  makes  distinctions  throughout  regarding  New  York 
City  conditions,  and  statistics  are  given  separately  for  wage  rates  and  earnings, 
weekly  output,  and  fluctuations  through  the  year  in  the  labor  force  and  in 
earnings. 


United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  II.  Men's  Ready- 
made  Clothing.  Washington,  1911.  878  p.  (Senate  Document  No. 
645) 

A  thorough  and  extensive  study  of  the  men's  clothing  industry  in  the 
five  cities  which  are  the  chief  centers  of  the  trade  in  the  United  States — New 
York,  Chicago,  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  Rochester.  The  investigation 
covered  244  factories  with  a  labor  force  of  23,683  workers,  88  of  which,  employ- 
ing 8,008  workers,  were  located  in  New  York  City.  It  was  conducted  through 
interviews  with  employers,  transcriptions  of  payrolls,  and  cards  filled  by  the 
workers,  as  well  as  home  visits  to  2,274  families.  The  report  includes  discus- 
sion and  statistics  of  the  sex,  ages,  nativity,  and  conjugal  condition  of  the 
workers,  the  conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  child  labor,  hours  of  work  and 
overtime,  daily  and  weekly  earnings  for  both  shop  and  home  workers,  fluctua- 
tions in  employment,  workroom  conditions,  the  organization  of  the  industry, 


its  history  and  development,  processes  of  work,  and  provisions  for  training 
workers  in  the  trade.  There  are  also  special  sections  dealing  in  greater 
detail  with  home  work  and  with  family  conditions  and  standards. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor 
in  the  Clothing  and  Cigar  Industries,  1911-1913.  p.  5-59.  Washing- 
ton, 1915.  (Bulletin  No.  161) 

A  study  showing  the  prevailing  full  time  weekly  earnings  and  hours  of 
labor,  and  the  hourly  rates  of  wages  in  the  principal  occupations  in  the  men's 
clothing  industry,  based  on  data  from  the  payrolls  and  time  books  of  158 
shops  in  1911  and  1912  and  of  221  for  1912  and  1913,  and  covering  18,197 
employes  in  seven  cities  in  the  United  States.  Descriptions  of  general  trade 
conditions  as  to  seasons,  organization  of  the  trade,  occupations,*  and  method 
of  wage  payment  are  also  included  in  the  report. 

United  States  Immigration  Commission.  Reports  on  Immigrants  in 
Industries.  Vol.  XI.  Clothing  Manufacturing  in  New  York  City. 
p.  365-404.  Washington,  1911. 

A  detailed  study  of  the  manufacture  of  both  men's  and  women's  clothing 
in  New  York  City,  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  position  of  the  immigrant 
in  these  trades.  It  is  based  on  information  secured  from  7,258  employes 
in  the  clothing  industries.  Data  are  presented  as  to  the  history  and  extent 
of  the  industry  in  New  York,  racial  displacements,  the  nationality,  years 
in  the  United  States,  ages,  conjugal  condition,  literacy,  citizenship,  ability 
to  speak  English,  and  occupation  abroad  of  workers  investigated,  working 
conditions  in  the  industry,  hours  of  work,  earnings,  size  of  establishments, 
and  the  relation  of  the  immigrant  worker  to  organized  labor. 


CLOTHING  TRADES,  WOMEN'S 

Cohen,  Julius  Henry.     Law  and  Order  in  Industry.      Macmillan  Co.  New 
York,  1916.     292  p. 

A  picture  of  the  women's  garment  trade  in  New  York  City  and  a  history 
and  study  of  the  working  of  the  Protocol  of  Peace  in  the  cloak  and  suit  industry 
during  the  five  years  of  its  existence,  based  on  the  first-hand  experience  and 
information  of  the  author,  who  was  counsel  for  the  Cloak,  Suit  and  Skirt 
Manufacturers'  Protective  Association. 

Goodman,  Pearl,  and  Ueland,  Elsa.     The  Shirtwaist  Trade.     Journal  of 
Political  Economy,     p.  816-828.     December,  1910. 

A  summary  of  an  investigation  of  the  shirtwaist  trade,  presented  originally 
as  a  thesis  for  the  New  York  School  of  Philanthropy.  It  is  based  on  inter- 
views with  100  workers  and  visits  to  a  number  of  factories.  Data  are  pre- 
sented on  hours  of  labor  and  overtime,  seasons  and  fluctuations  in  employment, 
wages,  trade  union  organization,  the  1910  strike,  and  general  features,  extent 
and  organization  of  the  trade. 


*  Bulletin  No.  135  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  which  gives  somewhat  similar  data 
for  1911  and  1912  only,  contains  fuller  descriptions  of  the  occupations  in  the  trade. 


Joint  Board  of  Sanitary  Control  in  the  Cloak,  Suit  and  Skirt  and  in 
the  Dress  and  Waist  Industries.*  Special  Report  on  Sanitary 
Conditions  in  the  Shops  of  the  Dress  and  Waist  Industry,  by  Dr. 
George  M.  Price.  New  York,  May,  1913.  23  p. 

An  investigation  of  sanitary  and  safety  provisions  in  707  dress  and  waist 
factories  in  New  York  City.  The  report  also  presents  material  on  the  extent 
and  importance  of  the  industry,  the  sex,  nationality,  and  ages  of  the  36,658 
employes,  the  location  and  character  of  the  shops,  and  a  special  section  on 
the  processes  and  organization  of  work  in  dress  and  waist  manufacture. 

National  Civic  Federation.  Fine  Welfare  Work  and  Some  Deplorable 
Conditions  in  Garment  Trades.  New  York,  1909.  31  p.  (Report 
of  Industrial  Employes'  Welfare  Committee  of  Woman's  Depart- 
ment) 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  I.  Women  Workers  in  Factories  in  New  York 
State.  2.  Clothing  (Women's  Waists),  by  Violet  Pike.  p.  277-278. 
Albany,  1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  the  inspection  of  228  shirtwaist  factories, 
of  the  processes  of  manufacture,  the  general  conditions  of  work,  and  the 
health  and  fire  hazards  in  the  trade. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Conciliation,  Arbitration  and 
Sanitation  in  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  in  New  York  City, 
by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  p.  203-272.  Washington,  1912.  (Bulletin 
No.  98) 

A  comprehensive  presentation  of  the  history,  terms  and  provisions  of 
the  protocol  established  in  the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  in  September, 
1910,  and  of  the  organization  of  the  industry  and  the  working  and  trade 
conditions  under  the  administration  of  this  agreement.  It  is  based  on  first- 
hand study  and  -material  furnished  by  the  Joint  Board  of  the  industry. 

Conciliation,  Arbitration  and  Sanitation  in  the  Dress  and  Waist 
Industry  of  New  York  City,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  Washington, 
1914.  196  p.  (Bulletin  No.  145) 

A  study  of  the  development  of  collective  bargaining  in  the  dress  and  waist 
industry  in  New  York  City,  with  comprehensive  discussion  of  the  protocol 
adopted  in  1913,  the  history  of  its  establishment,  and  an  analysis  of  its  pro- 
visions and  its  practical  administration.  The  report  also  contains  a  brief 
statement  of  the  extent  and  development  of  the  industry,  the  number  and 
personnel  of  the  working  force,  and  the  type  and  location  of  the  shops,  as 
well  as  an  appendix  which  presents  a  thorough  study  of  the  industry  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  possibility  of  industrial  education. 

Industrial  Court  of  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  of  New 
York  City,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  Washington,  1914.  78  p. 
(Bulletin  No.  144) 

A  comprehensive  description  of  the  Industrial  Court  or  Board  of  Griev- 
ances in  the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  of  New  York  City,  its  work,  the 
nature  and  disposition  of  cases  brought  before  it,  and  an  enumeration  of  its 
rulings. 


*  All  bulletins  and  annual  reports  of  this  board  give  valuable  data  on  conditions  in  these 
two  industries,  especially  as  to  sanitation  and  safety  provisions. 


Regularity  of  Employment  in  the  Women's  Ready-to-wear 
Garment  Industries,  p.  7-44,  74-122.  Washington,  1916.  (Bulletin 
No.  183) 

A  study  of  seasonal  fluctuations  in  the  industries  manufacturing  women's 
ready-to-wear  garments,  their  extent  as  revealed  in  variations  in  the  amount 
of  the  weekly  payroll  over  a  period  of  52  weeks,  their  causes,  and  attempts 
at  regularization.  It  also  contains  descriptions  of  the  processes  of  work, 
of  the  character  of  the  labor  supply,  and  of  the  growth  of  the  industries 
included,  and  a  supplementary  study  of  wages,  earnings,  and  overtime  in 
relation  to  regularity  of  employment  for  the  muslin-underwear  industry  in 
New  York  City.  The  investigation  covered  more  than  500  establishments, 
employing  about  150,000  workers,  located  in  four  cities — New  York,  Chicago, 
Cleveland,  and  Boston — about  400  of  these  establishments  being  located  in 
New  York  City.  The  different  industries  comprising  this  group  are  treated 
separately  in  the  statistics,  as  are  also  the  different  cities. 

Wages  and  Regularity  of  Employment  in  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and 
Skirt  Industry,  p.  7-68,  109-191.  Washington,  1915.  (Bulletin 
No.  147) 

A  thorough  study  of  wages  and  seasonal  fluctuations  in  employment  in 
the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  in  New  York  City,  undertaken  by  the 
Arbitration  Board  of  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  with  the  co-operation 
of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  It  is  based  on  an  examination 
of  payrolls  in  90  shops  coming  under  the  protocol  arid  13  independent  or 
non-association  shops.  A  thorough  analysis  has  been  made  of  variations 
in  the  labor  force  and  in  the  amount  of  the  payroll  for  each  of  the  principal 
occupations  for  week  workers,  week  by  week  for  a  full  year.  Piece  workers 
were  not  included  in  the  study.  One  entire  section  of  the  report  is  devoted 
to  detailed  descriptions  of  occupations  in  the  industry  and  plans  for  appren- 
ticeship for  cutters  and  for  the  education  of  workers  in  the  trade. 

Wages  and  Regularity  of  Employment  and  Standardization  of 
Piece  Rates  in  the  Dress  and  Waist  Industry,  New  York  City,  by 
N.  I.  Stone.  Washington,  1914.  313  p.  (Bulletin  No.  146) 

An  extensive  study  of  the  dress  and  waist  industry  in  New  York  City, 
dealing  primarily  with  the  questions  of  wages  and  irregular  employment 
in  the  industry,  and  based  on  payroll  records  from  520  establishments  and 
information  regarding  31,485  employes.  The  report  presents  comprehensive 
data  on  hours  of  labor,  occupations  and  processes  of  work,  wages,  method 
of  wage  payment,  effect  of  the  protocol  on  wages  and  hours,  the  number  and 
personnel  of  the  labor  force,  special  features  in  the  organization  of  the  industry, 
seasonal  fluctuations,  and  apprenticeship  and  other  systems  of  trade  training. 
In  addition  to  this  general  material,  a  large  part  of  the  report  is  devoted  to 
an  intensive  study  of  processes  of  wTork  in  8  establishments  with  a  view  to 
standardizing  piece  rates  in  the  industry. 

United    States    Bureau    of    Foreign    and    Domestic    Commerce.     The 

Women's   Muslin-underwear   Industry.     Washington,    1915.     184  p. 
(Miscellaneous  Series  No.  29) 

A  study  primarily  of  the  cost  of  production  of  women's  muslin  underwear 
in  the  United  States  and  the  relation  of  costs  to  profits,  but  it  contains  con- 
siderable information,  which  is  given  separately  for  New  York  City,  regarding 
general  trade  and  working  conditions,  seasonal  fluctuations,  average  number 

10 


of  employes,  average  daily  and  weekly  wages,  processes  of  work,  machinery 
used,  safety  provisions,  welfare  work,  and  the  size  of  establishments.  The 
investigation  covered  detailed  information  regarding  65  establishments  in 
nine  states,  43  of  which  were  located  in  New  York  City. 

United  States  Immigration  Commission.  Reports  on  Immigrants  in 
Industries.  Vol.  XI.  Clothing  Manufacturing  in  New  York  City, 
p.  365-404.  Washington,  1911. 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's. 

United  States  Public  Health  Service.  Studies  in  Vocational  Disease. 
I.  Health  of  Garment  Workers,  by  J.  W.  Schereschewsky.  II. 
Hygienic  Conditions  of  Illumination  in  Workshops  of  the  Women's 
Garment  Industry,  by  J.  W.  Schereschewsky  and  D.  H.  Tuck.  Wash- 
ington, 1915.  224  p.  (Bulletin  No.  71) 

An  intensive  study  of  the  health  of  workers  and  conditions  of  work  in 
the  women's  garment  industry,  based  on  the  investigation  of  a  number  of 
factories  and  the  thorough  physical  examination  of  3,000  men  and  women 
employed  in  these  trades.  The  report  includes,  in  addition  to  thorough 
treatment  of  the  diseases  and  physical  defects  of  the  workers  and  their  relation 
to  the  industry,  general  data  on  occupations,  nativity,  age,  years  in  the  United 
States,  years  in  the  trade,  previous  occupations,  annual  earnings,  hours  of 
labor,  and  home  environment  of  workers,  and  a  detailed  study  of  lighting 
in  the  shops  and  other  sanitary  conditions. 

CONFECTIONERY  INDUSTRY 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory  Workers. 
Candy  Trade,  p.  19-22.  New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  the  candy  trade,  based  on  information  secured  through 
visits  to  54  workrooms  and  interviews  with  23  workers.  It  covers  general 
conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  seasons,  apprentice- 
ship, processes  of  work,  and  workroom  conditions.  This  study  and  the  others 
in  the  series  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in 
which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of 
view. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Third  Report, 
1914.  Wages  in  the  Confectionery  Industry  in  New  York  City, 
p.  65-103.*  Albany,  1914. 

An  extensive  and  thorough  study  of  the  confectionery  industry  in  New 
York  City,  based  on  schedules  and  payroll  transcriptions  from  61  factories 
and  covering  8,656  workers.  The  report  includes  discussion  and  statistics 
of  weekly  and  annual  earnings,  and  wage  rates,  seasonal  fluctuations,  the 
personnel  of  the  labor  force,  processes  of  work,  general  trade  conditions, 
years  of  experience  in  the  trade,  advances  in  wages,  and  shifting  in  the  trade. 

Fourth  Report,  1915.  Vol.  IV.  An  Investigation  of  the  Candy 
Industry  to  Determine  the  Possibilities  of  Vocational  Training,  by 
Anna  C.  Phillips,  p.  1347-1361.  Albany,  1915. 

An  investigation  of  the  confectionery  industry  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  possibilities  for  trade  training,  based  on  a  study  of  the  processes  of 


*  A  second  and  somewhat  fuller  report  on  the  confectionery  industry  was  published  by 
the  Factory  Investigating  Commission  in  its  Fourth  Report  in  1915.  However,  it  combines 
the  statistics  for  New  York  City  with  those  secured  for  "up  state." 

11 


work  in  nine  representative  factories.  The  report  includes  analyses  of  the 
industry  as  a  whole,  of  the  sources  from  which  workers  are  recruited,  and  of 
the  processes  of  work — more  especially  those  which  are  skilled  or  semi-skilled. 

COSTUME  ILLUSTRATION 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Industrial  Art 
Workers.  Costume  Illustration,  p.  12-19.  New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  costume  illustration,  covering  the  several  branches  of 
this  field  of  art  work.  It  gives  descriptions  of  the  various  kinds  of  work, 
and  information  as  to  hours,  seasons,  salaries,  requirements  and  opportunities 
for  workers,  and  schools  where  fashion  drawing  is  taught. 

DEPARTMENT  STORES 

See  Mercantile  Establishments 

DRESS  AND  WAIST  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

FIVE  AND  TEN  CENT  STORES 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report,  1915, 
Vol.  II.     Mercantile  Establishments,     p.   51-174.     Albany,   1915. 
See  Mercantile  Establishments. 

FUR  INDUSTRY 

New  York  City  Department  of  Health.  A  Clinical  and  Sanitary  Study 
of  the  Fur  and  Hatters'  Fur  Trade,  by  Louis  I.  Harris,  M.D. 
New  York.  1915.  24  p.  (Monograph  Series  No.  12) 

A  study  of  the  fur  trade  in  New  York  City  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  health  of  the  workers.  It  is  based  on  investigation  of  113  factories  and 
the  physical  examination  of  889  fur  workers.  The  report  includes  a  careful 
description  of  processes  of  work  and  occupations,  as  well  as  age  and  sex  of 
the  workers,  and  detailed  study  of  their  physical  defects  and  the  relation 
of  these  disabilities  to  the  work  done. 

GAS  AND  ELECTRIC  COMPANIES 

New   York   State   Public   Service   Commission   for  the  First  District. 

Annual  Reports.     Vol.   III.     Statistics  of   Gas  and   Electric   Com- 
panies.    Sections  on  Employes  and  Wages. 

Statistics  of  gas  and  electric  companies  in  Greater  New  York,  with 
explanatory  text,  are  published  each  year  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Public 
Service  Commission  for  the  First  District.  It  includes  data  regarding  number 
of  employes,  fluctuations  in  employment,  part  time  work,  hours  of  labor, 
average  earnings,  increases  in  average  earnings,  number  of  employes, 
and  the  relation  of  the  labor  cost  to  operating  expenses.  Figures  are  given 
separately  for  each  company  and  for  each  occupation. 

HOTELS 

See  Restaurants  and  Hotels 

12 


INDUSTRIAL  ARTS 

See  Air  Brush  Work 

Costume  Illustration 
Novelty  Painting 

LAUNDRIES 

Clark,  Sue  Ainslie,  and  Wyatt,  Edith.  Making  Both  Ends  Meet. 
Chapter  VI.  Women  Laundry  Workers  in  New  York.  p.  179-222. 
Macmillan  Co.  New  York,  1911. 

A  study  of  conditions  of  women's  employment  in  steam  laundries  in 
New  York  City,  conducted  by  the  National  Consumers'  League,  covering 
commercial,  hotel,  and  hospital  laundries.  The  report  is  based  on  first-hand 
data  secured  through  the  employment  of  the  League's  investigators  in  a 
number  of  laundries  of  each  type,  and  through  the  inspection  of  some  addi- 
tional establishments..  The  features  of  the  industry  chiefly  observed  were 
sanitation,  danger  of  injury,  wages,  and  hours  of  labor,  especially  in  their 
relation  to  the  health  of  the  workers. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Working  Conditions  in  New  York 
City  Steam  Laundries.  Bulletin  No.  50,  March,  1913.  p.  21-36. 

A  summary  of  material  gathered  in  hearings  held  by  the  State  Board  of 
Mediation  and  Arbitration  to  inquire  into  working  conditions  in  laundries 
in  New  York  City  as  a  result  of  a  strike  of  the  workers  in  January,  1912. 
Data  are  presented  on  hours  of  work,  night  work,  wages,  sanitary  conditions,  • 
and  special  hardships  of  the  work.  Definite  recommendations  for  the 
improvement  of  conditions  are  made. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  I.  Women  Workers  in  Factories  in  New  York 
State.  3.  Steam  Laundries  in  New  York  City,  by  Violet  Pike, 
p.  279-286.  Albany,  1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  the  inspection  of  110  laundries  in  New  York 
State,  84  of  which  were  in  New  York  City,  of  the  branches  of  the  industry, 
the  processes  of  work,  the  personnel  of  the  labor  force,  the  general  working 
conditions,  and  the  hazards  of  the  trade. 

Fourth  Report,  1915.     Vol.  I.     Study  of  Hotel  Laundries,  by 

Sally  M.  Frankenstein,     p.  921-924.     Albany,  1915. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  women's  work  in  hotel  laundries  in  New 
York  City,  covering  18  laundries,  employing  477  women.  Conditions  as  to 
sanitation,  safety  provisions,  hours  of  labor,  wages,  and  irregularity  of  work 
are  summarized,  and  recommendations  for  correcting  conditions  are  offered. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and' 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  XII.  Employment 
of  Women  in  Laundries.  Washington,  1911.  121  p.  (Senate 
Document  No.  645) 

A  study  of  women's  work  in  laundries  in  Chicago,  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
Philadelphia,  and,  on  some  points,  in  Rockford,  111.,  based  on  investigations 
of  315  laundries  and  interviews  with  539  women  laundry  workers.  The 
report  covers  general  workroom  conditions,  hours  of  labor,  occupations  and 
processes  of  work,  and,  in  considerable  detail,  the  effect  of  laundry  work  upon 
the  health  of  the  workers. 

13 


LONGSHORE  WORK 

Barnes,  Charles  B.  The  Longshoremen.  Survey  Associates.  New  York, 
1915.  287  p.  Russell  Sage  Foundation  Publication. 

A  study  of  longshoremen  in  the  port  of  New  York,  undertaken  in  1910  and 
1911  under  the  auspices  of  the  Bureau  of  Social  Research  of  the  New  York 
School  of  Philanthropy,  and  based  on  interviews  with  all  types  of  waterfront 
workers,  their  employers,  and  others  having  contact  with  them,  attendance 
at  union  meetings,  and  observations  in  all  parts  of  the  port.  Irregularity 
of  employment  is  stressed  throughout  the  report  as  the  outstanding  feature 
of  the  trade.  The  study  contains  much  interesting  first-hand  material  and 
descriptive  matter  regarding  characteristics  of  longshoremen,  their  nationali- 
ties, the  different  types  of  longshore  labor,  the  methods  of  hiring  workers, 
wages  and  earnings,  irregular  employment,  trade  union  organization,  strikes, 
and  accident  and  health  hazards  of  the  trade.  Appendices  summarize  data 
regarding  dock  work  in  Boston,  London,  Liverpool,  and  Hamburg. 

MEN'S  CLOTHING 
See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's 

MERCANTILE  ESTABLISHMENTS 

Clark,  Sue  Ainslie,  and  Wyatt,  Edith.  Making  Both  Ends  Meet.  Chap- 
ter I.  The  Income  and  Outlay  of  Some  New  York  Saleswomen, 
p.  1-43.  Macmillan  Co.  New  York,  1911. 

A  study  of  trade  histories  of  50  women  employed  in  New  York  department 
stores,  conducted  by  the  National  Consumers'  League  through  interviews 
with  workers  and  the  employment  of  an  investigator  in  one  of  the  stores. 
While  chiefly  a  budget  study,  the  report  presents  incidentally  data  that  are 
typical  of  working  conditions  in  department  stores,  especially  as  to  wages, 
hours,  overtime  work  and  compensation,  fines,  and  irregularity  of  employment. 

National  Civic  Federation  Review.  Working  Conditions  in  New  York 
Stores.  July  15,  1913.  32  p. 

A  study  of  19  department  stores,  in  New  York  City,  employing  about 
39,000  employes,  undertaken  by  the  Welfare  Department  of  the  National 
Civic  Federation  and  extending  over  a  period  of  more  than  two  years.  A 
detailed  description  of  the  welfare  work  in  these  stores  is  a  special  feature  of 
the  report.  A  discussion  of  the  length  of  the  working  day,  touching  also 
the  allied  questions  of  overtime  work,  summer  closing  time,  and  Christmas 
work,  with  illustrative  material  drawn  from  study  of  the  policies  of  the  stores 
investigated,  and  statistics  of  classified  and  average  wage  rates,  by  main 
occupational  groups,  drawn  from  the  payrolls  in  17  of  the  stores  by  public 
accountants  for  the  Federation,  form  the  other  two  main  sections  of  the  report. 
There  is  also  a  section  on  the  relation  of  low  wages  in  department  stores  to 
the  social  evil.  Definite  recommendations  are  embodied  in  each  of  the  three 
main  sections  and  the  special  interest  is  centered  throughout  on  women's  work. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  Mercantile  Establishments.*  p.  51-174.  Albany,  1915. 

A  thorough  and  extensive  study  of  mercantile  establishments  in  19  cities 
and  villages  in  New  York  State,  including  70  department  stores,  31  neigh- 

*  Preliminary  reports  on  the  investigation  of  mercantile  establishments  are  given  in 
the  Second  and  Third  Reports  of  the  Factory  InvestigatinglCommission,  1913  and  1914, 
respectively. 

14 


borhood  shops,  and  42  five  and  ten  cent  stores,  employing  in  all  69,933  workers. 
Fifty-six  of  these  stores,  with  a  force  of  56,151,  were  located  in  New  York 
City,  and,  while  much  of  the  statistical  matter  for  Newr  York  City  is  combined 
with  that  for  the  other  places  investigated,  the  descriptive  matter  for  the 
most  part  makes  special  reference  to  conditions  there,  and  some  separate 
statistics  are  available,  especially  on  hours  of  work,  rise  in  wages,  fluctuations 
in  employment,  and  shift  of  the  labor  force.  In  addition  to  the  data  secured 
from  payroll  transcriptions  and  schedules  filled  by  employes,  comprehensive 
treatment  is  given  to  the  business  organization  of  the  department  store, 
working  conditions,  the  occupations  and  divisions  of  labor,  qualifications  of 
workers,  wage  policies,  and  policies  as  to  promotions,  vacations,  welfare 
work,  and  mutual  benefit  associations. 

— Fourth  Report,  1915.  Vol.  IV.  An  Investigation  of  Department 
Store  Work  to  Determine  the  Possibility  of  Vocational  Training,  by 
Iris  Prouty  O'Leary.  p.  1363-1405.  Albany,  1915. 

A  study  of  New  York  City  department  stores  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
possibility  of  training  for  occupations  in  this  field.  The  report  includes 
descriptions  of  the  importance  and  extent  of  department  store  work,  the 
sources  from  which  the  stores  draw  their  workers,  the  existing  methods  of 
training,  and  an  analysis  of  the  industry  as  a  whole  and  of  the  occupations 
in  all  the  main  branches  of  the  work,  giving  for  each  the  actual  work  done, 
the  knowledge  necessary  for  the  performance  of  the  job,  and  the  possible 
line  of  promotion.  Definite  recommendations  and  suggestions  regarding 
training  in  some  branches  of  the  work  are  also  given. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  V.  Wage-earning 
Women  in  Stores  and  Factories.  Washington,  1911.  384  p.  (Senate 
Document  No.  645) 

This  study,  which  deals  chiefly  with  living  conditions  and  home  responsi- 
bilities of  women  at  work  in  both  factories  and  stores  in  7  cities  in  the  United 
States,  contains  valuable  data  as  well  regarding  the  wages  and  earnings, 
nationality,  ages,  years  of  experience,  hours  of  work,  night  work  and  overtime 
of  391  women  employed  in  New  York  City  department  stores,  and  regarding 
the  proportion  among  these  women  who  are  living  at  home  or  who  are  "adrift," 
including  figures  on  their  home  responsibilities  or  their  independent  living 
expenses,  as  the  case  may  be.  There  is  also  some  discussion  regarding  the 
moral  influences  surrounding  department  store  employment.  Chapter  VII, 
a  section  of  Chapter  XI,  and  Tables  I,  II,  and  III  in  the  Appendix  contain 
material  relating  particularly  to  department  store  employment  in  New  York 
City. 


MILLINERY  TRADE 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  Wages  in  the  Millinery  Trade,  by  Mary  Van  Kleeck. 
p.  361-469.  Albany,  1915. 

A  study  of  wages  and  irregularity  of  employment  of  women  employed  at 
hat  trimming  in  wholesale  and  retail  millinery  establishments  in  Manhattan, 
based  on  payroll  transcriptions  for  an  entire  year  in  40  shops  and  for  3,983 

15 


workers,  and  for  a  typical  week  in  56  shops,  and  personal  data  for  1,363 
milliners.  Thorough  analysis  is  made  of  trie  wage  statistics  and  the  fluctua- 
tions in  the  labor  force  and  annual  payroll,  and  information  is  also  presented 
regarding  the  ages,  nativity,  conjugal  condition,  and  years  of  experience 
of  the  workers,  the  workroom  conditions,  method  of  hiring  workers  and 
determining  wages,  processes  of  work,  and  general  features  of  the  trade. 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary,  and  Barrows,  Alice  P.  How  Girls  Learn  the  Millinery 
Trade.  Survey,  April  16,  1910.  p.  105-113. 

A  brief  study  of  opportunities  for  trade  training  in  the  millineiy  trade, 
based  on  an  investigation  of  more  than  200  shops  and  interviews  with  200 
workers.  The  article  also  outlines  general  features  of  the  trade,  occupations, 
seasonal  employment,  hours  of  work,  and  wages. 

MUSLIN  UNDERWEAR 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

NOVELTY  PAINTING 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Industrial  Art 
Workers.  Novelty  Painting,  p.  7-11.  New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  three  representative  branches  of  this  type  of  industrial 
art  work,  based  on  visits  to  20  firms  and  interviews  with  a  number  of  workers. 
It  covers  general  conditions  as  to  hours,  wages,  seasons,  requirements  for 
workers,  workroom  conditions,  home  work,  and  methods  of  learning  the  trade. 

PAPER  BOX  INDUSTRY 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory  Workers. 
Paper  Box  Making,  p.  13-18.  New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  secured  through  visits 
to  54  workrooms  and  interviews  with  23  girls.  It  covers  general  conditions 
in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  seasons,  home  work,  processes 
of  work,  apprenticeship,  workroom  conditions,  and  nationality  of  workers. 
This  study,  like  the  others  in  the  series,  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering 
desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material  is  treated 
from  this  point  of  view. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Third  Report, 
1914.  The  Paper  Box  Industry  in  Greater  New  York.  p.  105-166.* 
Albany,  1914. 

A  comprehensive  study  of  the  paper  box  trade  in  New  York  City,  based 
on  schedules  and  payroll  transcriptions  from  191  factories  and  9,105  workers. 
The  report  includes  discussion  and  statistics  of  weekly  and  annual  earnings 
and  wage  rates,  seasonal  fluctuations,  shift  of  the  labor  force,  general  trade 
conditions,  hours  of  labor,  processes  of  work,  personnel  of  the  labor  force, 
years  of  experience,  home  work,  and  home  and  living  conditions  for  227 
women  workers  interviewed,  including  a  study  of  personal  budgets. 

*  A  second  report  on  the  paper  box  industry  was  published  by  the  Commission  in  its 
Fourth  Report  in  1915.  This  report,  however,  combines  the  figures  for  New  York  City  with 
those  for  New  York  State  as  a  whole.  It  includes  also  a  study  of  100  accidents  in  the  trade 
in  New  York  City. 

16 


Fourth  Report,  1915.  Vol.  IV.  An  Investigation  of  the  Paper 
Box  Industry  to  determine  the  Possibility  of  Vocational  Training, 
by  Robert  J.  Leonard,  p.  1243-1346.  Albany,  1915. 

An  investigation  of  the  paper  box  industry  in  New  York  State  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  possibility  for  trade  training,  based  on  a  study  of  15 
factories,  13  of  which  were  in  New  York  City,  and  of  1,467  workers.  It 
includes,  besides  the  manufacture  of  solid  and  folding  boxes,  the  making  of 
cardboard  and  corrugated  containers  and  cases,  jewelry  cases,  and  filing 
cases  and  envelopes.  The  greater  part  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  elaborate 
analyses  of  the  processes  of  work  and  occupations  in  the  different  branches 
of  the  trade  investigated.  It  also  includes  material  on  the  recruiting  of 
workers,  lines  of  promotion,  personal  trade  histories  of  some  of  the  workers, 
distribution  of  the  employes  as  to  sex  and  occupation,  and  definite  plans  and 
recommendations  as  to  trade  training. 


PEDDLING 

Mayor's  Push-Cart  Commission,  New  York  City.     Report  of  the  Com- 
mission, 1906.     233  p. 

A  report  of  conditions  among  push-cart  peddlers  in  New  York  City  by  a 
commission  appointed  to  inquire  especially  into  the  congestion  of  the  streets 
resulting  from  this  trade  and  the  possibilities  of  regulation.  A  census  of 
push-cart  peddlers  was  taken,  showing  the  extent  of  the  trade,  and  facts 
are  presented  also  regarding  the  nationality  and  length  of  residence  in  the 
United  States  of  the  peddlers,  their  supplementary  occupations,  ownership 
of  carts,  kinds  of  goods  sold,  usual  earnings,  licensing  of  carts,  congestion, 
night  peddling,  the  padrone  system,  fire  hazards,  organization  of  peddlers, 
etc.  In  conclusion  a  program  of  recommendations  is  outlined. 


PERFUMERY  TRADE 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.     Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory  Workers. 
The  Perfumery  Trade,     p.  8-12.     New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  secured  from 
28  firms.  It  covers  general  conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours  and 
overtime,  seasons,  apprenticeship,  nationality  of  workers,  and  workroom 
conditions.  This  study,  like  the  others  in  the  series,  was  made  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the 
material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 


PRINTING  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.     Second  Report, 
1913.     Vol.  II.     The  Printing  Industry,     p.  514-532.     Albany,  1913. 

A  study  of  the  printing  trade  in  New  York  State,  chiefly  from  the  point 
of  view  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  the  workers.  Three  hundred 
and  forty-eight  establishments,  employing  9,047  workers,  were  visited,  and 
as  a  majority  of  these  were  in  New  York  City,  it  is  to  be  assumed  that  the 
conditions  described  are  typical  of  those  prevailing  in  that  city.  In  addition 
to  descriptions  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  the  workers,  material 

17 


is  presented  on  processes  of  work,  women's  work  in  the  trade,  the  dangers 
of  the  industry,  and  some  of  the  features  of  the  health  work  of  the  International 
Typographical  Union.  Appendices  give  provisions  made  in  Germany  and 
in  Switzerland  for  the  protection  of  the  workers'  health. 


RESTAURANT  AND  HOTEL  WORK 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  V.  Wage-earning 
Women  in  Stores  and  Factories,  p.  189-199,  362-374.  Washington, 
1910.  (Senate  Document  No.  645) 

An  investigation  of  women  employed  as  waitresses  in  358  hotels  and 
restaurants  in  7  cities  in  the  United  States,  of  which  102  with  a  force  of  1,416 
waitresses  were  in  New  York  City.  The  main  interest  of  the  report  is  in 
living  conditions,  such  as  home  responsibilities,  cost  of  living,  and  budget 
items  for  women  living  at  home  and  for  those  "adrift,"  but  valuable  data 
are  also  given  on  general  working  conditions  in  this  occupation,  hours  of 
work,  average  weekly  earnings,  and  years  of  experience. 


SAMPLE  MOUNTING  AND  CASE  MAKING 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory  Workers. 
Sample  Mounting  and  Sample  Case  Making,  p.  3-7.  New  York, 
1913. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  these  trades,  based  on  visits  to  45  workrooms 
and  interviews  with  a  number  of  workers.  It  covers  general  conditions  in 
the  trades  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  apprenticeship,  seasons,  home 
work,  requirements  for  workers,  and  workroom  conditions.  This  study,  like 
the  others  in  the  series,  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable 
trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this 
point  of  view. 

SHIRT  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's 


SHIRTWAIST  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

STRAW  SEWING 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.     Wages  of  Straw-braid  Sewers. 
Bulletin  No.  32,  March,  1907.    p.  57-58 

A  brief  statement  regarding  wages  and  seasonal  fluctuations  in  employ- 
ment for  straw-braid  sewers,  based  on  an  analysis  of  the  payroll  of  a  repre- 
sentative straw  hat  manufacturer  in  New  York  City,  and  the  observations 
of  a  labor  inspector  who  had  had  considerable  contact  with  the  trade  in  the 
course  of  his  work. 

STREET  RAILWAYS 

See  Transportation 

18 


TELEGRAPH  OPERATING 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Investigation  of  Western  Union  and 
Postal  Telegraph-Cable  Companies.  Washington,  February,  1909. 
554  p.  (Senate  Document  No.  725) 

A  comprehensive  investigation  into  the  volume,  extent,  and  methods 
of  handling  business,  the  wages,  hours  of  labor  and  other  working  conditions 
in  telegraph  companies  engaged  in  interstate  activity.  It  is  based  on  schedules 
and  payroll  data  from  the  companies,  interviews  with  employes,  and  visits 
to  places  of  work  in  27  important  cities,  including  New  York  City.  Separate 
statistics  for  New  York  are  available  throughout. 

TELEPHONE  OPERATING 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Statistics  of  Night  Telephone 
Operators.  Bulletin  No.  53,  December,  1912.  p.  389-404. 

An  investigation  of  night  work  among  women  telephone  operators  in 
New  York  State,  based  on  information  from  150  companies  and  concerning 
10,547  operators.  The  repoit  presents  data  showing  the  occupation  and 
number  of  operators,  the  number  employed  at  night  work,  their  ages,  hours 
of  work,  time  of  beginning  and  ending  work,  wages,  years  of  service,  and 
whether  living  at  home  or  boarding.  New  York  City  figures  are  given 
separately  on  every  point  treated. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  Wages  Paid  by  the  New  York  Telephone  Company 
to  Various  Classes  of  Operatives  in  the  Different  Cities  of  New  York 
State,  p.  471-478.  Albany,  1915. 

A  statement  prepared  by  the  New  York  Telephone  Company  for  the 
Factory  Investigating  Commission,  giving  the  organization  of  the  force, 
the  regulations  regarding  Sunday  and  holiday  work,  information  regarding 
payments  for  overtime  work,  vacations,  bonuses,  pensions,  benefits,  and  full 
presentation  of  wage  rate  scales  for  New  York  City  by  boroughs  and  for 
other  cities  in  the  state.  All  data  other  than  those  on  wages  are  given  sepa- 
rately for  "upstate"  and  "downstate"  divisions,  not  for  separate  cities,  but 
"downstate"  conditions  in  general  are  probably  typical  of  New  York  City. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Investigation  of  Telephone  Companies. 
Washington,  February,  1910.  340  p.  (Senate  Document  No.  380) 

An  investigation  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  of  telephone 
companies  engaged  in  interstate  business,  covering  27  companies  in  26  states. 
The  report  includes  data  on  wages,  hours  of  labor,  physical  conditions  of  work, 
training  of  workers,  organization  of  the  force,  description  of  telephone  work, 
union  organization  and  strikes,  and  methods  of  handling  business.  Separate 
statistics  for  New  York  City  are  available  throughout  the  report. 

TOBACCO  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Second  Report, 
1913.  Vol.  II.  The  Tobacco  Industry,  p.  487-513.  Albany,  1913. 

A  study  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  workers,  especially 
women,  in  the  tobacco  industry,  including  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  of 
cigarettes,  of  chewing  and  smoking  tobacco,  and  of  snuff.  It  is  based  chiefly 
on  the  physical  examination  of  600  women  employes  of  21  factories  in  New 

19 


York  City,  but  also  includes  a  general  description  of  sanitary  conditions 
in  a  larger  number  of  factories.  The  report  presents  discussion  and  statistics 
bearing  on  the  branches  of  the  industry,  the  ages,  nativity,  conjugal  condition, 
years  in  the  trade,  and  diseases  found  among  the  women  examined,  sanitary 
conditions  in  the  shops,  comfort  provisions,  welfare  work,  and  child  labor, 
as  well  as  summaries  of  facts  regarding  health  in  the  industry  in  foreign 
countries. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor  in 
the  Cigar  and  Clothing  Industries,  1911  and  1912.  p.  5-24.  Wash- 
ington, 1913.  (Bulletin  No.  135) 

A  study  showing  hourly  rates  of  wages  in  the  principal  occupations  in  the 
cigar  manufacturing  industry  in  1911  and  1912,*  based  on  data  obtained 
for  49  factories  and  11,541  employes  in  eight  cities  in  the  United  States, 
including  New  York  City.  A  statement  regarding  general  trade  conditions, 
as  to  method  of  wage  payment,  hours  of  work,  the  importance  of  the 
industry,  and  a  careful  description  of  the  principal  productive  occupations 
are  also  included  in  the  report.  Most  of  the  data  are  given  separately  for 
each  city. 


TRANSPORTATION 

New   York   State   Public   Service   Commission  for  the  First  District. 

Annual  Reports.     Vol.  II.     Statistics  of  Transportation  Companies. 
Sections  on  Employes  and  Wages. 

Statistics  of  street  railways  in  Greater  New  York,  with  explanatory  text, 
are  published  each  year  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Public  Service  Commission 
for  the  First  District.  It  includes,  for  subways,  elevated  roads,  and  surface 
lines,  data  regarding  the  number  of  employes,  variation  in  amount  of  employ- 
ment, average  and  classified  wages,  hours  of  work,  increases  in  wage  rates, 
and  stability  of  employment.  Figures  are  given  separately  for  each  trans- 
portation company  and  for  each  occupation. 


WAITRESSES 

See  Restaurants  and  Hotels 


WOMEN'S  CLOTHING 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 


*  A  later  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  (No.  161,  1915)  gives  wages  also  for 
1913,  but  does  not  include  as  full  statistics  or  descriptive  matter  as  Bulletin  No.  135. 


20 


ADDRESSES  OF  PUBLISHERS  AND  OTHERS  FROM  WHOM 
REPORTS  CAN  BE  OBTAINED 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau,  64  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Joint  Board  of  Sanitary  Control  in  the  Dress  and  Waist  Industry,  31  Union 

Square  West,  New  York  City. 

Journal  of  Political  Economy,  University  of  Chicago  Press,  Chicago,  111. 
Macmillan  Company,  The,  64  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 
Mayor's  Push-Cart  Commission.     Report  can  be  obtained  from  Lawrence 

Veiller,  105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 
National  Civic  Federation,  1  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City. 
New  York  City  Commissioner  of  Accounts,  Municipal  Building,  New  York 

City. 
New  York  City  Department  of  Health,  Division  of  Industrial  Hygiene,  49 

Lafayette  Street,  New  York  City. 
New  York  State  Department  of  Labor,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
New    York    State    Factory    Investigating    Commission.     Reports   can   be 

obtained  through  J.  B.  Lyon  Company,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
New  York  State  Public  Service  Commission  for  the  First  District,  154  Nassau 

Street,  New  York  City. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 
Survey  Associates,  Inc.,  112  East  Nineteenth  Street,  New  York  City. 
United  States  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Department  of 

Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  ] 
United  States  Bureau  of  Labor    [  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Statistics 
United  States  Immigration  Commission.     Reports  can  be  obtained   from 

Superintendent  of  Documents,  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington, 

D.  O. 

United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Treasury  Department,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

University  Settlement  Society,  184  Eldridge  Street,  New  York  City. 


RUSSELL  SAGE   FOUNDATION   PUBLICATIONS 

STUDIES  OF  INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS 
BOOKS 

Artificial  Flower  Makers.  By  Mary  Van  Kleeck.  Illus.  261  p.  Post- 
paid, $1.50. 

Seasonal  employment,  home  work,  wages,  home  responsibilities,  trade 
training,  for  women  in  New  York.  Summary  of  conditions  in  artificial  flower 
trade  in  Paris. 

Women  in  the  Bookbinding  Trade.     By  Mary  Van  Kleeck.     Illus.  270  p. 

Postpaid,  $1.50. 

Hours  and  night  work,  wages,  irregular  employment,  trade  training, 
enforcement  of  labor  laws,  trade  unionism. 

The  Longshoremen.    By  Charles  B.  Barnes.    Illus.  287  p.    Postpaid,  $2.00. 
Irregular  employment,   earnings,   trade  unionism,   types  of  dock  work 
and  workers  in   New  York  harbor.     Summaries  of   conditions  in   Boston, 
Liverpool  and  Hamburg. 

The  Steel  Workers.  By  John  A.  Fitch.  Illus.  380  p.  Price  $1.50;  post- 
paid, $1.73. 

The  twelve-hour  day  and  seven-day  week,  breakdown  of  trade  unionism, 
work  of  immigrants,  wages,  and  processes  of  work  in  steel  industry  of  Pitts- 
burgh., 

Saleswomen    in    Mercantile    Stores.     By    Elizabeth    B.    Butler.     Illus. 

217  p.     Price  $1;  postpaid,  $1.08. 

Physical  conditions  of  work,  hours,  wages,  regularity  of  employment, 
vocational  training,  living  conditions,  of  saleswomen  in  Baltimore  stores. 

Women  and  the  Trades.     By  Elizabeth  B.  Butler.     Illus.     440  p.     Price 

$1.50;  postpaid,  $1.72. 

Conditions  of  women's  work  in  needle  trades,  metal  trades,  canning, 
confectionery,  and  stogy  industries,  commercial  work,  etc.,  in  Pittsburgh. 

Homestead:     The  Households  of  a  Mill  Town.     By  Margaret  F.  Bying- 

ton.     Illus.     292  p.     Price  $1.50;  postpaid,  $1.70. 

Family  income  and  the  cost  of  living  in  households  of  native  and  immi- 
grant wage-earners  in  Pittsburgh  steel  mills. 

Work-Accidents    and    the    Law.     By    Crystal    Eastman.     Illus.     345    p. 

Price  $1.50;  postpaid,  $1.72. 

Causes  of  work  accidents  and  their  cost  to  wage-earners'  families  when  there 
is  no  workmen's  compensation  law,  as  seen  in  Pittsburgh  district  in  1907-8. 

Wage-Earning   Pittsburgh.     By  Kellogg,   Commons,   Kelley  and  others. 

Illus.     582  p.     Price  $2.50;  postpaid,  $2.75. 

Community  problems  related  to  industry,  the  new  immigration  in  indus- 
try, factory  inspection,  industrial  hygiene,  child  labor,  trade  unionism. 

Fatigue  and  Efficiency.     By  Josephine  Goldmark.    342  p.  Postpaid,  $2.00. 
Nature  and  effect  of  fatigue  in  modern  industry  as  a  scientific  basis  for 
legal  restriction  of  working  hours. 

Workingmen's  Insurance  in  Europe.  By  Lee  K.  Frankel  and  Miles  M. 
Dawson,  with  the  co-operation  of  Louis  I.  Dublin.  477  p.  Price 
$2.50;  postpaid,  $2.70. 

Systems  of  insurance  for  wage-earners  against  industrial  accidents, 
sickness,  death,  invalidity,  old  age,  and  unemployment  in  operation  in  Euro- 
pean countries. 

Working  Girls  in  Evening  Schools.     By  Mary  Van  Kleeck.     Illus.     252  p. 

Postpaid,  $1.50. 

Problems  of  women's  work  and  industrial  education  as  revealed  in  a 
study  of  wage-earning  women  in  New  York's  night  schools. 

22 


Middle  West  Side;  Mothers  Who  Must  Earn.  Part  1  by  Otho  G.  Cart- 
wright;  Part  2  by  Katharine  Anthony.  Illus.  296  p.  Postpaid, 
$2.00. 

The  work  of  married  women  and  widows  on  West  Side  of  New  York 
City:  occupations,  hours  and  wages,  physical  effects  of  work,  and  home 
conditions. 

Order  books  from  Survey  Associates,  Inc.,  publishers  for  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation,  112  East  19th  Street,  New  York  City. 


PAMPHLETS 

1C  1      Industrial    Investigations   of   Russell   Sage    Foundation.      By 

Mary  Van  Kleeck. 

A  summary  of  chief  industrial  investigations  undertaken  by 
Russell  Sage  Foundation,  with  bibliography  of  its  publications 
relating  to  industry.  18  pages.  Sent  free  on  request. 

1C  2     Investigations   of   Industries   in   New    York   City,    1905-1915. 

By  Henrietta  R.  Walter. 

A  descriptive  list  showing  method  and  scope  of  64  investigations. 
24  pages.  10  cents. 

Wages  in  the  Millinery  Trade.  By  Mary  Van  Kleeck.  Re- 
printed from  Fourth  Report  of  New  York  State  Factory  Investi- 
gating Commission. 

Wages  as  shown  in  payrolls,  seasonal  fluctuations,  processes 
of  work,  experience  and  nationality  of  workers.  115  p.  Sent  free 
on  request. 

SE  6     Industrial  Conditions  in  Topeka.     By  Zenas  L.  Potter.     Pub- 
lished by  the  Department  of  Surveys  and  Exhibits. 

Trade  unionism,  scientific  management,  wages,  apprenticeship, 
women's  work,  home  conditions.  56  pages.  15  cents. 

SE  12  Industrial  Conditions  in  Springfield.  By  Louise  C.  Oden- 
crantz  and  Zenas  L.  Potter.  (In  press) 

Wages,  hours,  irregular  employment,  accident  prevention  and 
compensation,  child  labor,  trade  unionism,  living  conditions  of 
wage-earners'  families.  150  p.  25  cents. 

E  135  Some  Conditions  Affecting  Problems  of  Industrial  Education 
in  78  American  School  Systems.  By  Leonard  P.  Ayres.  Pub- 
lished-by  the  Division  of  Education. 

Includes  a  study  of  the  occupations  of  fathers  of  thirteen-year- 
old  school  boys  as  a  basis  for  thought  and  action  in  the  field  of 
industrial  education. 

E  136  Constant  and  Variable  Occupations  and  their  Bearing  on 
Problems  of  Vocational  Education.  By  Leonard  P.  Ayres. 
Published  by  the  Division  of  Education. 

A  study  of  occupations  to  determine  those  common  to  all 
localities  and  those  which  appear  in  some  communities  and  not  in 
others.  12  pages.  5  cents. 

CH  24  Infant  Mortality:  Its  Relation  to  Social  and  Industrial 
Conditions.  By  Henry  H.  Hibbs,  Jr.  Published  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Child-Helping. 

Effect  on  infant  mortality  of  the  gainful  employment  of  mothers, 
and  of  low  wages  and  inadequate  family  income.  127  p.  30  cents. 

Order  pamphlets  from   Russell  Sage  Foundation,   130  East  22nd 
Street,  New  York  City. 

23 


HENRY  STREET  SETTLEMENT 

265  Henry  Street 
New  York 


Directory  of  Trade,  Technical  and  Vocational  Schools  in  Greater  New 
York.  Published  by  the  Committee  for  Vocational  Scholarships, 
Henry  Street  Settlement.  15  cents. 

A  list  of  public  and  endowed    schools    with    detailed    information    and 
classified  index  of  subjects  offered. 


The  House  on  Henry  Street.  By  Lillian  D.  Wald.  Illus.  310  p.  Price 
$2.00  net.  Henry  Holt  and  Company,  34  West  33d  Street,  New 
York  City,  publishers. 


24 


PRESS  OF  CLARENCE  S.  NATHAN,  INC.,  NEW  YORt 


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